Harmonization of Robotics Legislation as a Factor in Technological Cooperation between BRICS
https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2026-13-1-29-55
Abstract
The article examines the process of harmonizing legal norms in the field of robotics, which is a key factor in enhancing technological cooperation between BRICS countries. Through a comparative analysis of national legislations, significant differences in approaches to regulating robotic systems and artificial intelligence were identified. The study substantiates the necessity of establishing a unified methodological framework for the legal regulation of robotics within the BRICS format. Proposed institutional mechanisms for harmonization include the formation of model legislation, the creation of specialized coordinating bodies, and the introduction of universal technical standards. It is argued that convergence of legal systems in robotics contributes to creating a unified technological space, facilitating technology transfer, and enhancing the competitiveness of BRICS countries in the global market for innovative solutions.
About the Authors
I. Begishev
Kazan Innovative University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ildar Begishev – Associate Professor, Chief Researcher, Institute of Digital Technologies and Law, Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov
42 Moskovskaya St., Kazan, 420111
D. Kiiko
Kazan Innovative University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Denis Kiiko – Graduate Student, Department of Criminal Law and Procedure, Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov
42 Moskovskaya St., Kazan, 420111
References
1. Abdulaziz, A. (2022). Special economic zones for the digital economy. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 11(07), 90–93.
2. Afanasiev, D. V. (2020). A fine line between patentable and non-patentable in the legislation of foreign countries and Russia: Discoveries, software, biotechnology, treatment methods and others. Economy and Law, 2(517), 73–96. (In Russian).
3. Barfield, W. (2018). Liability for autonomous and artificially intelligent robots. Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics, 9(1), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjbr2018-0018
4. Cyman, D., Gromova E., & Juchnevicius, E. (2021). Regulation of artificial intelligence in BRICS and the European Union. BRICS Law Journal, 8(1), 86–115. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-1-86-115
5. Filipova, I. A. (2024). Legal regulation of artificial intelligence: Experience of China. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, 2(1), 46–73. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2024.4
6. Gopakumar, G. (2020). Regime of congestion: Technopolitics of mobility and inequality in Bengaluru, India. Science as Culture, 29(3), 345–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2019.1705272
7. Gromova, E. A., & Ferreira, D. B. (2023). Tools to stimulate blockchain: application of regulatory sandboxes, special economic zones, and public private partnerships. International Journal of Law in Changing World, 2(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.48
8. Gromova, E. A., & Tjaša, I. (2020). Regulatory sandboxes (experimental legal regimes) for digital innovations in BRICS. BRICS Law Journal, 7(2), 10–36. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-2-10-36
9. Han, M., & Xu, D. (2022).The sandbox approach to fintech regulation: Acase study of China. Revista Chilena de Derecho, 49(2), 193–232. https://doi.org/10.7764/r.492.8
10. Kharitonova, Yu. S. (2023). Legal means of providing the principle of transparency of the artificial intelligence. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, 1(2), 337–358. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.14
11. Lantyer, V. H. (2023). Granting legal personality to artifi intelligences in Brazil’s legal context: A possible solution to the copyright limbo. University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review, 31, 301–336. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4666432
12. Liu, Y., et al. (2024). Technology status tracing and trends in construction robotics: A patent analysis. World Patent Information, 76, Article 102259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102259
13. McCallum, W., & Aziakpono, M. J. (2023). Regulatory sandbox for fintech regulation: Do the conditions for effective adoption exist in South Africa? Development Southern Africa, 40(5), 1100–1116. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2023.2182759
14. Müller, V. C. (2017). Legal vs. ethical obligations—A comment on the EPSRC’s principles for robotics. Connection Science, 29(2), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540091.2016.1276516
15. Nikolinakos, N. T. (2024). Major EU policy developments on liability for artificial intelligence, robotics, and emerging digital technologies: 2015 to 2018. In N. T. Nikolinakos, Adapting the EU civil liability regime to the digital age: Artificial intelligence, robotics, and other emerging technologies (pp. 21–75). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67969-8_2
16. Nobile, C. G. (2023). Regulating smart robots and artificial intelligence in the European Union. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, 1(1), 33–61. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.2
17. Parviainen, J., & Coeckelbergh, M. (2021). The political choreography of the Sophia Robot: Beyond robot rights and citizenship to political performances for the social robotics market. AI & Society, 36(3), 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-02001104-w
18. Rawls, J. (1989). The domain of the political and overlapping consensus. New York University Law Review, 64, 233–255.
19. Schmidt, K. (2016).Trust as a legislative challenge: Bipolar relation vs quasi-corporate status?—Basic trust models in legal practice, theory, and legislation. European Review of Private Law, 24(6), 961–980. https://doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016060
20. Shetty, D. K., et al. (2025). Analyzing AI regulation through literature and current trends. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(1), Article 100508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100508
21. Yeung, K. (2020). Recommendation of the council on artifi intelligence (OECD). International Legal Materials, 59(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.5
Review
For citations:
Begishev I., Kiiko D. Harmonization of Robotics Legislation as a Factor in Technological Cooperation between BRICS. BRICS Law Journal. 2026;13(1):29-55. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2026-13-1-29-55
Views:
850
JATS XML
Email this article 