bricslawjournalBRICS Law JournalЮридический журнал БРИКС2409-90582412-2343Publishing House V.Ема10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-4-168-188bricslawjournal-1135Research ArticleCOMMENTSProblems of Implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in ChinaSolntsevA.

Alexander Solntsev (Moscow, Russian Federation) – Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Institute of Law

6 Miklukho-Maklaia St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation

a.solntsew@gmail.comChenG.

Chen Guixin (Harbin, China) – Teaching Assistant, Department of International Law, Institute of Law, Heilongjiang University; PhD, Department of International Law, Institute of Law, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia

6 Miklukho-Maklaia St., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation

1757697871@qq.comPeoples’ Friendship University of RussiaRussian FederationHeilongjiang UniversityChina202423122024114168188Copyright © Solntsev A., Chen G., 20242024Solntsev A., Chen G.Solntsev A., Chen G.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/view/1135

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) was signed in February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, and currently has 172 parties. China acceded to this Convention in 1992, became the 67th party, and was elected a member of the Standing Committee in 2005. Wetlands conservation in China has achieved some positive results, but it still faces serious challenges. China’s wetlands level is much lower than the world average (global wetlands level is 8.60%), and the wetlands area per capita is only 1/5 of the world average. Until 2022, China lacked legislation to protect wetlands; the article’s objective is to analyze the recently adopted Chinese legislation in this area. Ultimately, the authors conclude that it is necessary to strengthen legal standards in China to contribute to the conservation and restoration of global wetlands.

Ramsar ConventionImplementation of the Ramsar Convention in ChinaProblems of implementation of ConventionCountermeasures for China’s implementation of the Ramsar ConventionReferencesBridgewater, P., & Kim, R. E. (2021). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands at 50. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5(3), 268–270. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01392-5Bridgewater, P., & Kim, R. E. (2021). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands at 50. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5(3), 268–270. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01392-5Chen, G. (2022). China as a Party to the Ramsar Convention. Eurasian Journal of International Law, 2(2), 92–107. (In Russian).Chen, G. (2022). China as a Party to the Ramsar Convention. Eurasian Journal of International Law, 2(2), 92–107. (In Russian).Chen, G. (2023). Analysis of the Results of the 14 th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (COP14). Eurasian Law Journal, 3(178), 48–51. (In Russian).Chen, G. (2023). Analysis of the Results of the 14 th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (COP14). Eurasian Law Journal, 3(178), 48–51. (In Russian).Chen, G. (2024). The Concept of Ecological Civilization in the Constitution of the PRC. Russian Judge, 9, 51–55. (In Russian).Chen, G. (2024). The Concept of Ecological Civilization in the Constitution of the PRC. Russian Judge, 9, 51–55. (In Russian).Erwin, K. L. (2009). Wetlands and Global Climate Change: The Role of Wetland Restoration in a Changing World. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 17(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-008-9119-1Erwin, K. L. (2009). Wetlands and Global Climate Change: The Role of Wetland Restoration in a Changing World. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 17(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-008-9119-1Fluet-Chouinard, E., et al. (2023). Extensive Global Wetland Loss over the Past Three Centuries. Nature, 614(7947), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05572-6Fluet-Chouinard, E., et al. (2023). Extensive Global Wetland Loss over the Past Three Centuries. Nature, 614(7947), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05572-6Gaget, E., et al. (2020). Assessing the Effectiveness of the Ramsar Convention in Preserving Wintering Waterbirds in the Mediterranean. Biological Conservation, 243, Article 108485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108485Gaget, E., et al. (2020). Assessing the Effectiveness of the Ramsar Convention in Preserving Wintering Waterbirds in the Mediterranean. Biological Conservation, 243, Article 108485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108485He, Y., & Xiong, X. (1994). On the Characteristics of the Wetland Ecosystem. Environmental Protection in Agriculture, 13(6), 275–278. (In Chinese).He, Y., & Xiong, X. (1994). On the Characteristics of the Wetland Ecosystem. Environmental Protection in Agriculture, 13(6), 275–278. (In Chinese).Kleijn, D., et al. (2014). Waterbirds Increase More Rapidly in Ramsar Designated Wetlands Then in Unprotected Wetlands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51(2), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12193Kleijn, D., et al. (2014). Waterbirds Increase More Rapidly in Ramsar Designated Wetlands Then in Unprotected Wetlands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51(2), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12193Kopylov, M. N., & Solntsev, A. M. (2012). Ramsar Convention’s 40 th Anniversary. Journal of Russian Law, 3(183), 105–112. (In Russian).Kopylov, M. N., & Solntsev, A. M. (2012). Ramsar Convention’s 40 th Anniversary. Journal of Russian Law, 3(183), 105–112. (In Russian).Kou, J. (2022). The Rule of Law Protects the Beauty of Wetland. People’s Daily. (In Chinese).Kou, J. (2022). The Rule of Law Protects the Beauty of Wetland. People’s Daily. (In Chinese).Kvanina, V., Kovalenko, E., & Vypkhanova, G. (2023). Improving the Legislation on Public-Private Partnerships in Environmental Protection in the BRICS Countries. BRICS Law Journal, 10(3), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2023-10-3-106-121Kvanina, V., Kovalenko, E., & Vypkhanova, G. (2023). Improving the Legislation on Public-Private Partnerships in Environmental Protection in the BRICS Countries. BRICS Law Journal, 10(3), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2023-10-3-106-121Likhacheva, A., Kalachyhin, H., Abdolova, S., & Kamenkovich, N. (2021). Water Dimension of BRICS Cooperation: National Challenges and Joint Opportunities. BRICS Law Journal, 8(2), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-41-65Likhacheva, A., Kalachyhin, H., Abdolova, S., & Kamenkovich, N. (2021). Water Dimension of BRICS Cooperation: National Challenges and Joint Opportunities. BRICS Law Journal, 8(2), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-41-65Liu, L. (2021). Research on the Controversial Issues of Wetlands Conservation Law. Beijing Jiaotong University. (In Chinese).Liu, L. (2021). Research on the Controversial Issues of Wetlands Conservation Law. Beijing Jiaotong University. (In Chinese).Mao, D., et al. (2021). Remote Observations in China’s Ramsar Sites: Wetland Dynamics, Anthropogenic Threats, and Implications for Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2021, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9849343Mao, D., et al. (2021). Remote Observations in China’s Ramsar Sites: Wetland Dynamics, Anthropogenic Threats, and Implications for Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2021, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9849343McInnes, R. J., et al. (2017). Wetland Ecosystem Services and the Ramsar Convention: An Assessment of Needs. Wetlands, 37(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0849-1McInnes, R. J., et al. (2017). Wetland Ecosystem Services and the Ramsar Convention: An Assessment of Needs. Wetlands, 37(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0849-1Nunes, C. M., Anderaos, A. A., & Leal, M. D. A. C. (2021). The 2020 Reform of the Water and Sanitation Services Sector in Brazil. BRICS Law Journal, 8(2), 66–88. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-66-88Nunes, C. M., Anderaos, A. A., & Leal, M. D. A. C. (2021). The 2020 Reform of the Water and Sanitation Services Sector in Brazil. BRICS Law Journal, 8(2), 66–88. https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-2-66-88Padonou, E. A., et al. (2021). How Far Are Mangrove Ecosystems in Benin (West Africa) Conserved by the Ramsar Convention? Land Use Policy, 108, Article 105583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105583Padonou, E. A., et al. (2021). How Far Are Mangrove Ecosystems in Benin (West Africa) Conserved by the Ramsar Convention? Land Use Policy, 108, Article 105583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105583Solntsev, A. M. (2018). Climate Change: International Legal Dimension. Moscow Journal of International Law, 106(1), 60–78. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2018-1-60-78Solntsev, A. M. (2018). Climate Change: International Legal Dimension. Moscow Journal of International Law, 106(1), 60–78. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2018-1-60-78Vymazal, J. (2022). The Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. Land, 11(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020174Vymazal, J. (2022). The Historical Development of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. Land, 11(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020174

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.