<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bricslawjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">BRICS Law Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Юридический журнал БРИКС</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-9058</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-2343</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Publishing House V.Ема</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-3-54-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bricslawjournal-1088</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>On the Way to BRICS+ Digital Sovereignty: Opportunities and Challenges of a New Era</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromova</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta Gromova – Associate Professor, Department of Business, Competition and Ecological Law</p><p>78 Lenina Ave., Chelyabinsk, 454082</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gromovaea@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Brantes Ferreira</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniel Brantes Ferreira – Senior Researcher, Institute of Digital Technologies and Law; Professor</p><p>42 Moskovskaya St., Kazan, 420111</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">daniel.brantes@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>National Research University South Ural State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Kazan Innovative University named after V.G. Timiryasov; AMBRA University (Orlando, USA)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Gromova E., Brantes Ferreira D., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Gromova E., Brantes Ferreira D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gromova E., Brantes Ferreira D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/view/1088">https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/view/1088</self-uri><abstract><p>A new era for BRICS has begun with the desire of new countries to join BRICS. This expansion, the BRICS+, poses several challenges and opportunities for the renewed alliance, particularly concerning the digital sovereignty of the countries. On the one hand, the leading five BRICS nations have the potential to achieve digital sovereignty, earning the moniker “the hawks of digital sovereignty.” On the other hand, expanding BRICS membership to countries with varying levels of digitalization raises issues for the alliance. These include improving national legislation on digital sovereignty and defining actions to foster cooperation within BRICS+. This article aims to design a theoretical legal model for BRICS+ digital sovereignty, outlining its pillars and offering recommendations for achieving digital sovereignty within BRICS+. The comparative legal method, used to analyze regulations in digitalization and digital sovereignty among BRICS+ member countries, ensures a comprehensive understanding of the legal landscape. Retrospective analysis, which studied the development of BRICS+ regulations in these areas, provides a historical context. The systematic method, which examined legal tools and instruments that contribute to achieving digital sovereignty, ensures a thorough exploration. The content analysis allowed for the interpretation of news articles and social media sources related to BRICS+ digital sovereignty, adds a contemporary perspective. The authors conclude that achieving digital sovereignty for BRICS+ is possible and offer several recommendations for collaboration, including developing a BRICS+ digital sovereignty memorandum, launching a BRICS+ regulatory sandbox, and deploying a BRICS+ sovereign cloud. These recommendations can inform BRICS+ policy-making, contribute to the limited literature in this field, and serve as a basis for future research on BRICS+ digital sovereignty.</p><p> </p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>digital sovereignty</kwd><kwd>data</kwd><kwd>digital technologies</kwd><kwd>security</kwd><kwd>cyberspace</kwd><kwd>BRICS</kwd><kwd>regulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abouahmed A. et al. Personal Data Protection in the United Arab Emirates and the European Union Regulations, 13(1) Journal of Governance &amp; Regulation 195 (2024). https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv13i1art17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abouahmed A. et al. Personal Data Protection in the United Arab Emirates and the European Union Regulations, 13(1) Journal of Governance &amp; Regulation 195 (2024). https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv13i1art17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becerra M. &amp; Waisbord S.R. The Curious Absence of Cybernationalism in Latin America: Lessons for the Study of Digital Sovereignty and Governance, 6(1-4) Communication and the Public 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/205704732110467</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becerra M. &amp; Waisbord S.R. The Curious Absence of Cybernationalism in Latin America: Lessons for the Study of Digital Sovereignty and Governance, 6(1-4) Communication and the Public 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/205704732110467</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Budnitsky S. &amp; Jia L. Branding Internet Sovereignty: Digital Media and the Chinese– Russian Cyberalliance, 21(5) European Journal of Cultural Studies 594 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417751151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budnitsky S. &amp; Jia L. Branding Internet Sovereignty: Digital Media and the Chinese– Russian Cyberalliance, 21(5) European Journal of Cultural Studies 594 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417751151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chander A. &amp; Sun H. Sovereignty 2.0 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904949</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chander A. &amp; Sun H. Sovereignty 2.0 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3904949</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crespi F. et al. European Technological Sovereignty: An Emerging Framework for Policy Strategy, 56(6) Review of European Economic Policy 348 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1013-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crespi F. et al. European Technological Sovereignty: An Emerging Framework for Policy Strategy, 56(6) Review of European Economic Policy 348 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-1013-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cyman D. et al. Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in BRICS and the European Union, 8(1) BRICS Law Journal 86 (2021). https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-1-86-115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cyman D. et al. Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in BRICS and the European Union, 8(1) BRICS Law Journal 86 (2021). https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-1-86-115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elms D. Digital Sovereignty: Protectionism or Autonomy (2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elms D. Digital Sovereignty: Protectionism or Autonomy (2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabiano N. Digital Sovereignty Between “Accountability” and the Value of Personal Data, 5(3) Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabiano N. Digital Sovereignty Between “Accountability” and the Value of Personal Data, 5(3) Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal 270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira D.B. &amp; Gromova E.A. Hyperrealistic Jurisprudence: The Digital Age and the (Un)Certainty of Judge Analytics, 36 International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 2261 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10015-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira D.B. &amp; Gromova E.A. Hyperrealistic Jurisprudence: The Digital Age and the (Un)Certainty of Judge Analytics, 36 International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 2261 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-023-10015-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira D.B. &amp; Severo L. Multiparty Mediation as Solution for Urban Conflicts: ACase Analysis from Brazil, 8(3) BRICS Law Journal 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-3-5-29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira D.B. &amp; Severo L. Multiparty Mediation as Solution for Urban Conflicts: ACase Analysis from Brazil, 8(3) BRICS Law Journal 5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-3-5-29</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira D.B. et al. Arbitration Chambers and Trust in Technology Provider: Impacts of Trust in Technology Intermediated Dispute Resolution Proceedings, 68 Technology in Society 101872 (2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira D.B. et al. Arbitration Chambers and Trust in Technology Provider: Impacts of Trust in Technology Intermediated Dispute Resolution Proceedings, 68 Technology in Society 101872 (2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimm D. Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept (2015). Gromova E. &amp; Ivanc T. Regulatory Sandboxes (Experimental Legal Regimes) for Digital Innovations in BRICS, 7(2) BRICS Law Journal 10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-2-10-36</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grimm D. Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept (2015). Gromova E. &amp; Ivanc T. Regulatory Sandboxes (Experimental Legal Regimes) for Digital Innovations in BRICS, 7(2) BRICS Law Journal 10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-2-10-36</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromova E.A. &amp; Ferreira D.B. Tools to Stimulate Blockchain: Application of Regulatory Sandboxes, Special Economic Zones, and Public Private Partnerships, 2(1) International Journal of Law in Changing World 17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromova E.A. &amp; Ferreira D.B. Tools to Stimulate Blockchain: Application of Regulatory Sandboxes, Special Economic Zones, and Public Private Partnerships, 2(1) International Journal of Law in Changing World 17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i1.48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gromova E.A. et al. ChatGPT and Other Intelligent Chatbots: Legal, Ethical and Dispute Resolution Concerns, 5(10) Revista Brasileira de Alternative Dispute Resolution 153 (2023). https://doi.org/10.52028/rbadr.v5i10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gromova E.A. et al. ChatGPT and Other Intelligent Chatbots: Legal, Ethical and Dispute Resolution Concerns, 5(10) Revista Brasileira de Alternative Dispute Resolution 153 (2023). https://doi.org/10.52028/rbadr.v5i10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heller K.J. In Defense of Pure Sovereignty in Cyberspace, 97 International Law Studies 1432 (2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heller K.J. In Defense of Pure Sovereignty in Cyberspace, 97 International Law Studies 1432 (2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Min J. &amp; Luca B. Contesting Digital Sovereignty: Untangling a Complex and Multi-faceted Concept, in Jiang M. &amp; Belli L. (eds.), Digital Sovereignty in the BRICS Countries: How the Global South and Emerging Power Alliances Are Reshaping Digital Governance (2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Min J. &amp; Luca B. Contesting Digital Sovereignty: Untangling a Complex and Multi-faceted Concept, in Jiang M. &amp; Belli L. (eds.), Digital Sovereignty in the BRICS Countries: How the Global South and Emerging Power Alliances Are Reshaping Digital Governance (2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mueller M.L. Against Sovereignty in Cyberspace, 22(4) International Studies Review 779 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mueller M.L. Against Sovereignty in Cyberspace, 22(4) International Studies Review 779 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orji U.J. Cybersecurity Law and Regulation (2012).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orji U.J. Cybersecurity Law and Regulation (2012).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pohle J. &amp; Thiel T. Digital Sovereignty, 9(4) Internet Policy Review (2020). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.4.1532</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pohle J. &amp; Thiel T. Digital Sovereignty, 9(4) Internet Policy Review (2020). https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.4.1532</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posch R. Digital Sovereignty and IT-Security for a Prosperous Society, in Werthner H. &amp; Van Harmelen F. (eds.), Informatics in the Future: Proceedings of the 11th European Computer Science Summit (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55735-9_7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posch R. Digital Sovereignty and IT-Security for a Prosperous Society, in Werthner H. &amp; Van Harmelen F. (eds.), Informatics in the Future: Proceedings of the 11th European Computer Science Summit (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55735-9_7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prasad R. Bodies and Data: The Digital Sovereignty of the Indian State, AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research (2021). https://doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2021i0.12016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasad R. Bodies and Data: The Digital Sovereignty of the Indian State, AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research (2021). https://doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2021i0.12016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roberts H. et al. Safeguarding European Values with Digital Sovereignty: An Analysis of Statements and Policies, 10(3) Internet Policy Review (2021). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.3.1575</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roberts H. et al. Safeguarding European Values with Digital Sovereignty: An Analysis of Statements and Policies, 10(3) Internet Policy Review (2021). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.3.1575</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robles-Carrillo M. Sovereignty vs. Digital Sovereignty, 1(3) Journal of Digital Technologies and Law 673 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robles-Carrillo M. Sovereignty vs. Digital Sovereignty, 1(3) Journal of Digital Technologies and Law 673 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.29</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruohonen J. The Treachery of Images in the Digital Sovereignty Debate, 31 Minds and Machines 439 (2021). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.02724</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruohonen J. The Treachery of Images in the Digital Sovereignty Debate, 31 Minds and Machines 439 (2021). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.02724</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solhchi M.A. &amp; Baghbanno F. Artificial Intelligence and its Role in the Development of the Future of Arbitration, 2(2) International Journal of Law in Changing World 56 (2023). https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i2.56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solhchi M.A. &amp; Baghbanno F. Artificial Intelligence and its Role in the Development of the Future of Arbitration, 2(2) International Journal of Law in Changing World 56 (2023). https://doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v2i2.56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swan M. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy (2015).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swan M. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy (2015).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yilma K.M. Comment: Some Remarks on Ethiopia’s New Cybercrime Legislation, 10(2) Mizan Law Review 448 (2016).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yilma K.M. Comment: Some Remarks on Ethiopia’s New Cybercrime Legislation, 10(2) Mizan Law Review 448 (2016).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng J. et al. China’s Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of “Internet Sovereignty,” 45(3) Politics &amp; Policy 432 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng J. et al. China’s Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of “Internet Sovereignty,” 45(3) Politics &amp; Policy 432 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zetzsche D. et al. Regulating a Revolution: From Regulatory Sandboxes to Smart Regulation, 23(1) Journal of Corporate &amp; Financial Law 31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3018534</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zetzsche D. et al. Regulating a Revolution: From Regulatory Sandboxes to Smart Regulation, 23(1) Journal of Corporate &amp; Financial Law 31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3018534</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
